Now from Texas Instruments - three machines in one

Texas Instruments claimed in a [=adve_042|1982 advert] that it was the company that invented the microprocessor and the microcomputer. 

Exactly who invented the microprocessor is still controversial - Intel is usually given joint credit, and TI's definition of a microprocessor seems to hang on its TMS-1000 single-chip microcontroller[source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMS_1000#TMS_1000], which wasn't actually released until 1974 - three years after Intel's 4004.

Nevertheless, the TMS-1000 was at one point considered the world's most widely-used microprocessor, with more than 60 million units shipped for applications as diverse as washing machines, petrol pumps and television controllers[source: "Programmability is key to Texas chips' success", PRAC, August 1981, p. 47].

[extra: comm_S61_calc.webp|Commodore's S61 "Button Monster" calculator, with no fewer than 60 separate keys]TI had, however, developed the first prototype hand-held calculator - the "Cal Tech" - in 1967[source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_instruments#Microprocessor], but despite its early start it didn't actually produce a commercial calculator until the launch of the SR-10 in 1973. 

By selling its calculators for less than it cost other manufactures to buy the components, it kicked off a brutal price war in the calculator industry. 

It was a move which prompted Jack Tramiel of [@Commodore], which had been making calculators since 1971 and which had become famous for its "button monsters", to buy its existing supplier - MOS Technology - in 1976 (not to be confused with Mostek, another calculator IC supplier and inventor of the first "calculator on a chip", the MK6010). 

Tramiel saw the vertical integration which TI had - making the calculator as well as the chips inside - as crucial to Commodore's survival. 

Indeed, very few other calculator manufacturers of the era survived[source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#A_pocket_calculator_for_everyone] - those that did tended to either specialise in high-end devices ([=adve_030|like HP]) or simply moved on, like Commodore, to other things. 

However, it took Chuck Peddle, designer of the 6502 processor, to persuade Jack Tramiel that calculators themselves were a dead end and that they should build a real computer around the 6502. 

The result of this, the Commodore PET, was launched the year after this advert, in 1977, and became the world's first true Personal Computer.

Commodore ended up getting revenge when it targetted TI's TI-99/4A by dropping the price of the later VIC-20 in 1983[source: "Commodore declares a price war", Personal Computer News, March 18th 1983, p. 13], precipitating a price war in the home micro market which decimated TI's financials[source: source: "Home computer price war", Sol Libes, PCW, October 1983, p. 205] and eventually forced it to announce its exit from the business in November 1983[source: "Texas pulls the plug on micros", Popular Computing Weekly, 3rd November 1983, p. 1,5].

Despite the calculator price wars of the time, this entry in to the market - the SR-52 - still retailed for $229.95 - about [[155|1976]] in [[now]] money, although other TI calculators could be had for a more modest $50 (about [[34|1976]] in [[now]]).

