ICL: We should be talking to each other

By the late 1960s, the once diverse British computer industry had - via a series of mergers - coalesced around just two major computer groups: International Computers and Tabulators (ICT), which had formed around the earlier British Tabulating Machine Company, and English Electric's computer division, which by then included LEO - the J Lyons tea-shop empire spin-off which had built the world's first ever business computer - and Marconi.

However, US competition had grown to capture around 50% of the UK market, whilst the incumbent UK companies, which seemed to be wilfully resisting closer cooperation, were increasingly seen as being too small to compete. 

And so continuing the Harold Wilson government's fondness for mergers, ICL was created in 1968 as a part-nationalised company - under the auspices of Tony Benn - essentially forcing the two groups together, along with Elliott Automation, part of the old Elliott Brothers company. 

The remaining part of [@Elliott], which had previously merged with English Electric, became Marconi Elliott Computer Systems and then [@GEC|GEC Computers] in 1972. 

The merger process took some time, as initially there was significant resistance between ICT and English Electric as both companies considered their own product range to be sufficient for the future. 

It wasn't until Plessey came along with a suprise bid for ICT that ICT and EE got back around the table, with the two finally agreeing to come together. 

The eventual deal gave ICT 53.5% of the new company, with EE getting only 18%, Plessey getting 18% and the Government 10.5%.

After the merger, the company struggled with the fact that it had ended up with two completely different and incompatible computer systems - ICT's 1900 range, and English Electric's System 4.

It was also a struggle as each division held on to its own traditions for some time, a situation which had been described as "internal parochialism"[source: https://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/companies/wilmot.htm].

Former ICL employee Michael Ludlam, who joined when the company was created and who would become ICL's top new-business salesman for two years in a row before leaving to join Systime, said its management at the time was "stodgy [and] colonial" and that the company:

~"was the result of a merger between English Electric and International Computers & Tabulators so there were more people than jobs, but in those days there was little competition, so they could afford it[source: People: Michael Ludlam, Computing - the magazine, January 17th 1985]".

By the beginning of the 1980s, ICL had become virtually bankrupt, despite it recording £1.3 billion in sales in 1981, putting it fourth in the world in terms of sales behind only Honeywell-Bull, Siemens and IBM, even though it was generally considered as Europe's biggest native computer manufacturer.

To help rescue to company, Robb Wilmot, former head of Texas Instruments' UK calculator division, was bought in as managing director in 1981 and managed to turn the 33,000-employee behemoth around. 

It was wholly acquired by Fujitsu in 1998, after a long-running "joint working" arrangement.

ICL's "personal computer" wasn't actually a PC in the increasingly-dominant IBM sense, but was a CP/M or MP/M system which was essentially a re-badged RAIR "[#Black Box]", although this did share the same [!8088] CPU as IBM's [#5150]. 

It also remained steadfastly wedded to ICL's concept of computers as being multi-user systems - in this case supporting up to four additional terminals. 

Not everyone thought this was a good idea, with PCW's Guy Kewney referring to buyers of such machines - with the advent of proper PC networking - as "ignorant lunatics"[source: "Sage advice", Personal Computer World, December 1982, p. 94]. 

The first Ethernet-based networking equipment for PCs appeared at the beginning of 1983. 

It was built by 3Com and appeared on an Altos micro and at the time was considered a brave move, as "Ethernet is widely agreed to neither fully operational, nor cheap"[source: "Bravery", PCW, January 1983, p. 98] - the first 3Com cards cost around £700 ([[700|1983]] in [[now]]), but at least they came with a network-based game called Etherman[source: "The knowledge", PCW, July 1983, p. 111-112]. 

Despite the "experimentalism" of the new technology, it didn't take long before other companies were also shifting networking hardware. 

MicroAPL was one such company, offering a custom Ethernet system based on the S-100 bus. The company's managing director Robert Bittlestone said of multi-user machines in the light of Ethernet that:

~"without networking, the danger was that we would find ourselves selling bigger and bigger centralised microcomputers, eventually re-creating the mainframe monsters we were trying to replace"[source: "16-bit Ethernet", PCW, February 1983, p. 101].

The Trader Point network mentioned in the advert came about as the result of ICL's lack of experience in the microcomputer industry, an admission that managing director Wilmot - the man of a thousand spellings - was happy to make. 

Instead, it would lend its name to a network of dealers - the Traders - who would sell the machines on behalf of ICL, even though some of those dealers were worried that they might be up against ICL's own salespeople in the same market. 

As well as ICL's own RAIR box, it was expecting to sell micros from the Wordskil 8800 range, and an "up-market graphics computer" known as Perq. 

Naturally, ICL was also expecting to shift its computers in "very large quantities" to the biggest international and national companies, which it didn't, but at least it had a head-start on its main competitor, IBM, which by the time Trader Point as launched still hadn't got around to actually selling its 5150 IBM PC into Europe[source: "ICL advances into the microcomputer market", Practical Computing, June 1982, p. 49].

ICL's fondness for the server/terminal world didn't stop it from being pragmatic. 

In the summer of 1982 it was one of twenty companies, including Xerox, DEC, Fujitsu (its future owners), Intel and Siemens, to agree a set of networking standards along the lines of those proposed by the European Computer Manufacturer's Association, or ECMA - the very same ECMA that would lend its name to ECMAScript, the most famous implementation of which was known as JavaScript[source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript]. 

ECMA's standard was broadly similar and compatible with the emerging Ethernet standard, being promoted by Xerox, DEC and Intel[source: "Agreement on networking", POCW, 22nd July 1982, p. 5].

When it was launched, the ICL PC, together with a single VDU, retailed for around £2,895, or [[2895|1983]] in [[now]] money[source: "Johnson Microcomputers advert", PCW, January 1983, p. 251].
